Disciplinary Core Ideas: 19

MS-PS1.A1: Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms.

MS-PS1.A3: Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other.

MS-PS1.A4: In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations.

MS-PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter

MS-PS1.B3: Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy.

MS-PS1.B: Chemical Reactions

MS-PS1: Matter and its Interactions

MS-PS2.B1: Electric and magnetic (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects.

MS-PS2.B: Types of Interactions

MS-PS3.A3: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present.

MS-PS3.A4: The term “heat” as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects.

MS-PS3.A5: The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy and potential energy per atom or molecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system’s material). The details of that relationship depend on the type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of a system's total thermal energy. The total thermal energy (sometimes called the total internal energy) of a system depends jointly on the temperature, the total number of atoms in the system, and the state of the material.

MS-PS3.A: Definitions of Energy

MS-PS3.A: Definitions of Energy

MS-PS3.B2: The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment.

MS-PS3.B3: Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones.

MS-PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer

MS-PS3: Energy

Physical Sciences:

Disciplinary Core Ideas: 14

HS-PS1.A1: Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.

HS-PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter

HS-PS1.B1: Chemical processes, their rates, and whether or not energy is stored or released can be understood in terms of the collisions of molecules and the rearrangements of atoms into new molecules, with consequent changes in the sum of all bond energies in the set of molecules that are matched by changes in kinetic energy.

HS-PS1.B: Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1: Matter and its Interactions

HS-PS3.A1: Energy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on the motion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system. That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that a system’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and between its various possible forms.

HS-PS3.A2: At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways, such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy.

HS-PS3.A3: These relationships are better understood at the microscopic scale, at which all of the different manifestations of energy can be modeled as a combination of energy associated with the motion of particles and energy associated with the configuration (relative position of the particles). In some cases the relative position energy can be thought of as stored in fields (which mediate interactions between particles). This last concept includes radiation, a phenomenon in which energy stored in fields moves across space.

HS-PS3.A: Definitions of Energy

HS-PS3.D : Energy in Chemical Processes

HS-PS3.D1: Although energy cannot be destroyed, it can be converted to less useful forms—for example, to thermal energy in the surrounding environment.

HS-PS3: Energy

High School:

Physical Sciences: